Background and objectives: The use of roasted soybeans in the diet of dairy cows is common, but the roasting temperature and its effect on cow performance and protein fraction of diets have not been fully understood. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing soybeans. The main objectives of this research were the estimate of the effect of soybean roasting temperature on protein fractions of diets, dairy cow performance, and economical comparison between roasted soybean and lignosulfonate-treated soybean.Materials and methods: To evaluate the effect of soybeans roasted at different temperatures on feed intake, milk yield and composition, 8 mid-lactation Holstein cows, averaging 92 ±14 days in milk and 42.9 ±3 kg of milk/day were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Control treatment contained lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal and calcium salts of fatty acids, and treatments 2, 3, and 4 contained soybean grains roasted at 115, 130, or 145°C, respectively. The total mixed rations included 40% forage on a dry matter basis and 60% concentrates.Results: Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be greater for control treatment compared with the roasted soybean treatments (P=0.08). Actual milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield was greater for control diet than for roasted diet (P<0.01). No differences were observed between the control and the roasted soybeans, or between different roasting temperatures on feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake). Milk fat was higher for soybeans roasted at 130°C than for those roasted at either 115 or 145°C. Economically, control diet was more expensive than roasted soybean diets and income to feed cost ratio significantly was greater in roasted soybean diets rather than control diet. The diet contained roasted soybean at 130°C rather than other diets had lower digestible protein in intestine. Soybean roasted at 130 and 145°C in comparison with soybean roasted at 115°C and control treatment had lower moderately degraded true protein (B2) and higher slowly degraded true protein (B3). Rumen degradable protein than rumen degradable protein has greater correlation with milk yield and DMI. Between different fractions of protein, moderately degraded true protein fraction has high correlation with DMI, milk yield and composition.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that cows fed control diet had higher DMI and milk yield than cows fed roasted soybean diets. Among different roasting temperatures (115, 130, and 145°C), soybeans roasted at 115°C led to higher milk production and lower DMI. The moderately degraded true protein had the most important fraction between different fractions of protein and highest correlation with DMI and milk yield and composition.

Application of nutritional strategies to reduce dietary crude protein proportion by maintaining production performance and/or using a protein source with lower degradability in the rumen is able to reduce ruminal ammonia N and blood urea N and has a positive effect on production and reproduction performance. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean processing (roasted soybean and extruded soybean and combination of roasted soybean and extruded soybean) compared with soybean meal on milk yield, NH3N concentration, and milk urea nitrogen concentration in Holstein dairy cows with four multiparous (DIM=113 ± 14) and four primiparous (DIM=96 ± 20) were used in a replicate 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments included: 1) 13.88% of diets dry matter (DM) as soybean meal; 2) 15.22% of diet DM as roasted soybean; 3) 15.55% of diet DM as extruded soybean; and 4) 7.69% of diet DM as extruded soybean and 7.69% of diet DM as roasted soybean. N intake was higher in soybean meal treatment than soybean processing. Milk production was similar among treatments (P>0.05). Although parity had no significant effect on percentage of milk protein, but the yield of protein (P=0.07) was higher in PP cows than MP cows.Plasma urea N (11.19 vs.14.90 mg/dl) and milk urea N (10.58 vs.13.10 mg/dl) reduced significantly in the diets containing processed soybean. Results indicated that replacement of processed soybean for soybean meal did not affect feed net outcome, but decreased plasma urea N and also milk urea N.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing roasted soybean (R), extruded soybean (E) or their combination (RE) on dairy cow performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Nine multiparous lactating Holstein cows (680 ± 25 kg BW; 90 ± 10 DIM; means ± SD) were randomly assigned to a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design. Dry matter intake (DMI), apparent nutrient digestibility, milk yield, composition and FA profile and efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization for milk production were measured. Cows fed R and RE had higher 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield and DMI compared to those fed the E (P<0. 05). The efficiency of 4% FCM production per unit of DMI was not influenced by experimental diets (P>0. 05). Experimental diets had no effect on milk fat and protein concentrations and nutrient digestibility (P>0. 05). Milk fat concentrations of vaccenic acid (VA; C18: 1 trans-11) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11) were higher for cows fed with RE compared to other groups (P<0. 05). We concluded that cows fed with RE had similar milk production and fat content compared to those fed with R and a similar beneficial milk FA profile compared to those fed with E. Thus, feeding a diet with RE improved the quality and quantity of dairy cow milk.

Background and objectives: Oil seeds are commonly used in the diet of Ruminant nutrition to meet energy and protein requirements. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing soybeans. So using bypass proteins is important, soybean processing causes rumen un-degradable protein content to be increased, that could increase protein absorption in the small intestine and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. The main objective of this research were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and roasted fullfat soybean with soybean meal on dry matter intake, growth performance, rumen parameters, diet digestibility and feeding behaviors in Afshari male lambs. Materials and methods: Experimental diets were assigned to the 7 groups (n = 6/group) in a completely randomized design for a 74-d period (14 d for adaptation and 60 d for data collection). Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations and a forage toconcentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean meal, treatment 2: replace of 7. 5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 3: replace of all soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: replace of 7. 5 percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, treatment 5: replace of all soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, treatment 6: replace of 7. 5 percent soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean, treatment 7: replace of all soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean. Results: Dry matter intakes was effected by experimental diets (P <0. 01). Using 15% roasted full fat soybean with the mean of 1. 79 kg per day showed the highest dry matter intake. The use of extruded and roasted full fat soybean significantly increased daily gain in comparison to the crud full fat soybean and soybean meal (P <0. 05). The use of extruded and roasted full fat soybean significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (P <0. 01). In vivo digestibility of crud protein, dry matter and organic matter was not affected by the dietary treatment but neutral detergent fiber was affected by the dietary treatment (P <0. 05). Feeding lambs on diets crud, extruded and roasted instead of soybean meal had no effect on volatile fatty acids and feeding behaviors. Conclusion: The use of extruded and roasted full-fat soybean with improved daily gain, in vivo digestibility and reduce feed conversion ratio, increased the fattening performance of Afshari male lamb.

To investigate the effects of different levels of roasted fullfat soybean and methionine on performance of broilers, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on 312day-old male broilers Ross strain with 6 treatments (three levels roasted soybean 0, 8, 12 and two levels of DL-methionine 100 and 110% Ross (2007) recommendation) and 4 replications (13broilers per replicate).The experimental period was 42 days (starter 0-10, grower11-24, finisher25-42) and diets were provided isocaloric and isonitrogenous. All birds were fed ad libitum. The same management system was adopted for all birds, reared in 24 floor pens in a poultry house. Feed intake, weight gain and FCR were measured at the end of every period. At the end of production period, broilers were weighed; blood samples (5cc) were obtained and slaughtered. The results showed that addition of roasted fullfat soybean to diet had significantly affected weight gain, FCR and feed intake in the finisher period (p<0.05).The levels methionine had no significant effect on weight gain, FCR and feed intake in every period, The increase of roasted fullfat soybean and methionine in diet caused a significant decrease in pancrease weight and cholesterol (p<0.00).however had no significant effect on triglyceride, LDL and HDL. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that the inclusion of 12% roasted fullfat soybean and 110% methionine in broiler diets may improve growth performance.

The aim of this research was to investigate the changes in milk yield and its composition, fatty acid profile and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARG) gene expression in adipose tissue of Ira-nian Holstein cattle in response to feeding isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets but formulated based on dif-ferent oilseeds (soybean or canola seeds). Twenty cows were tested randomly with experimental diets. Sampling from subcutaneous adipose tissue was performed. Moreover, fatty acid composition was ana-lyzed, total RNA was isolated, cDNA synthesized and samples were amplified. SPSS 16. 0, LinRegPCR and REST software were used to analyze real-time polymerase chain reaction results of gene expression. The amount of PPARG gene expression in the adipose tissue for canola seed treatment, in comparison with the soybean seed was higher. The milk production, 4% fat corrected milk, fat percentage, milk urea nitrogen and body condition score between two treatments was significant (P<0. 05). The results showed that the amount of some fatty acids extracted from adipose tissue was changed by altering the diet. As, for C16: 1, C18: 0 and C18: 3t fatty acids, there was a significant effect between the two treatments (P<0. 05). In general, the PPARG gene expression was not significant in canola that can be due to the similarity of most of the fatty acids between canola and soybean, and the similarity and nutrient balance of the diet. Therefore, ca-nola seed can be a good option for dairy cattle diet due to high levels of fat and protein and lower prices than soybean seed. It can also be used to improve milk, with the effect of feeding on the fatty acid composi-tion of the milk.

Introduction: Soybean meal (SBM) is the main source of protein in broiler diets. Interest has been increased in the use of roasted full-fat soybean (RFFS) as a replacement of soybean meal and fat in broiler diets. The use of full-fat soybean can eliminate the high cost of oil usage and allows the use of a protein supplement in the broiler diets. Fullfat soybeans could provide both protein and energy in one feed ingredient. Use of raw soybeans in poultry diets is not efficient due to presence of anti-nutrient factors like trypsin inhibitor factors. One method of raw soybeans heat processing is roasting the beans by a rotating chamber in which they are directly exposed to a flame. It has been reported similar weight gains by broiler chicks fed heat treated full-fat soybeans or SBM. Heat-treated full-fat soybeans have been included in broiler diets at the level of 15% and reported that body weight at 6 weeks of age were not significantly affected. In contrast, heat-treated full-fat soybeans in starter and finisher diets at the level of 30% reduced growth performance during the starter period. However, the adverse effects became less severe as bird age increases. In some cases weight gain significantly decreased by full-fat soybeans compare to SBM containing diets. When 100% of the soybean meal was replaced by roasted full-fat soybeans, body weight was significantly decreased at 3weeks of age. The high energy of full-fat soybeans may change carcass composition. It has been shown that carcass yield of broiler chickens improved 3% when soybeans were included 10% of the diet. Information about full-fat soybeans for broilers is limited. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of substituting different levels of roasted full-fat soybean for soybean meal in diets of broiler chickens on performance and blood metabolites. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effects of roasted whole soybeans replacement for soybean meal in male broiler chicken diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters, a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates was carried out with 192 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks up 42 days. In this experiment, RFFS was roasted in 130 centigrade degrees for 30 minutes. All groups were fed with a standard starter diet during 1-14 d. RFFS was substituted in 4 dietary levels of zero, 25, 50 and 75 percent for soybean meal during growing (15-28 d) and finisher (29-42 d) periods. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during grower and finisher periods. Birds were reared on litter floor pens and a lighting program with 23: 1 h light and darkness was used from 1-42 d. At day 42 after 3 h fasting, one bird from each replicate close to group mean weight was selected to determine carcass characteristics and blood parameters. Blood samples were taken from the wing vein and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000×g for five min. The serum samples were kept in-20° C until analysis. Results and Discussion: Results showed that 75% level of RFFS replaced with SBM significantly decreased weight gain, body weight at the end of each period and feed intake in grower period. In finisher period the replacement of 75% of SBM with RFFS, resulted lower body weight, daily weight gain and feed consumption in compare to other replacement levels (P<0. 05). FCR in grower period was not significantly affected by treatments but control group in finisher period had better feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments (P<0. 05). Carcass parts including breast, thighs and pancreas were not significantly affected by the treatments. But, liver and abdominal fat pad weights were increased when the FFSM level was increased to 75% substituting level (P<0. 05). RFFS had no significant effects on blood serum triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase concentrations. But, blood serum cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations in control group were significantly lower than other treatments. Serum aspartate transaminase concentration in 75% replacement level of RFFS for SBM was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0. 05). Serum creatine phosphokinase concentration in control group was significantly (P<0. 05) lower than other groups. Conclusions: Results of this experiment revealed that replacement of 50% of diet SBM with RFFS during 15-42 days of age has no adverse effect on broiler chickens growth performance and increases blood HDL.

Considering the importance of finding suitable substitute for cocoa powder, the effect of roasting process on physicochemical characteristics (pH, aw, WHC, OHC and colour parameters), compositional properties, some physical and thermal features (particle size, bulk & tapped densities, porosity, Hausner ratio, Carr index, repose angle and DSC); antioxidant characteristics and sensory properties of roasted soybean were investigated. The soybean samples roasted at 165 ○ C for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min, then milled and sieved (No. 40). Nutritional elements, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Cu and Fe increased during roasting. Repose angle, aw and moisture content decreased by increasing roasting time. Hausner ratio and Carr index of raw soybean flour were 33. 3 and 1. 51 respectively, they decreased to 28. 73 and 1. 40 after roasting for 12min. Study showed that raw soybean flour had a weak flowability. L* as a time-temperature index at roasting process of foods (like coffee and cocoa) decreased by increasing time. Antioxidant activity results suggested that antiradical activity and total phenol content of roasted soybean flours increased by roasting time and a significant correlation between these two items were observed (P<0. 05). DSC analysis showed that flours had a high thermal resistance. Sensory properties evaluation showed that soybean flour roasted for 8 min, had a comparable total acceptance to cocoa powder.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of soybean (SB) meal (SBM) with increased rumen undegradable protein as roasted SB (RSB), extruded SB (ESB) or their equal blend (RSB + ESB) on production performance, nutrient digestibility, N-utilization efficiency, and blood metabolites in mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight lactating Holstein cows (BW = 534 ± 52 and DIM = 104 ± 5; mean ± SD) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 28-d periods receiving 4 diets: (1) 13. 88% of diet dry matter (DM) as SBM; (2) 15. 22% of diet DM as RSB, (3) 15. 55% of diet DM as ESB, and (4) 7. 69% RSB plus 7. 69% ESB (RSB + ESB). Each experimental period consisted of a 14-d diet adaptation followed by 14-d data collection. Dry matter intake, actual milk and 3. 5% fat-corrected milk yield were not affected by the diet. Average milk fat and protein percentages (3. 42 and 3. 11%) and yields (1. 28 and 1. 17 kg/d), respectively, were not different among the diets. Plasma urea N concentration was similar across SB products but decreased compared with SBM. Feeding processed SB reduced NH3-N concentration in the rumen (14. 0 vs. 17. 2 mg/dL; processed SB vs. SBM), indicating lower ruminal degradation of processed SB protein, and thereby improved N-utilization. Based on our results, RSB and ESB and their equal blend had a similar effect on productivity and N-utilization efficiency in mid-lactation Holstein cows.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of roasted soybean and sunflower meal on the consumption and growth performance of lambs from the Blackhead Pleven Breed. The results indicated that the addition of roasted soybean caused the lambs to grow significantly faster than those fed sunflower meal (P<0.01). Adding roasted soybean to the feed caused lambs to intake significantly less maize and roughage, while intake more protein feed at the same time. Combined with the significantly higher growth rate (P<0.01), lambs receiving roasted soybean exhibited lower expenditure of dry matter, concentrated feed and raw protein for 1 kg of growth, compared to lambs who were fed with sunflower meal (P<0.01). The intake amount of dry matter had a significant effect on the average daily gain in lambs consuming roasted soy-bean, with a high correlation coefficient (r=0.645). In both groups of lambs, raw protein and FUG feed units for growth intakes significantly affected the animals’ growth performance.